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Quintus Valerius Orca
Quintus Valerius Orca (''fl.'' 50s–40s BC) was a Roman praetor, a governor of the Roman province of Africa, and a commanding officer under Julius Caesar in the civil war against Pompeius Magnus and the senatorial elite. The main sources for Orca's life are letters written to him by Cicero and passages in Caesar's ''Bellum Civile''.
==Life and career==
Orca is generally regarded as the son of Quintus Valerius Soranus,〔Giovanni Niccolini, ''I fasti dei tribuni della plebe'' (Milan 1934), pp. 430–431. For the father's political career, scholarly reputation, and controversial death, see article on Quintus Valerius Soranus.〕 a partisan of Gaius Marius who was executed during the Sullan proscriptions of 82 BC, allegedly for violating a religious prohibition against revealing the secret name of Rome.〔Conrad Cichorius, “Zur Lebensgeschichte des Valerius Soranus,” ''Hermes'' 41 (1906) 59–68, remains the most thorough treatment of the evidence for Soranus's life and career; English abstract in ''American Journal of Philology'' 28 (1907) 468.〕 The family came from the municipality of Sora, near Cicero's native Arpinum. Cicero refers to the Valerii Sorani as his friends and neighbors.〔Marcus Tullius Cicero, ''Brutus'' 169: ''vicini et familiares mei''; Edwin S. Ramage, “Cicero on Extra-Roman Speech,” ''Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association'' 92 (1961), pp. 487–488; Elizabeth Rawson, ''Intellectual Life in the Late Roman Republic'' (The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1985), p. 34.〕
Next to nothing is known of Orca's early career. As praetor in 57 BC, he actively supported Cicero's return from exile,〔Marcus Tullius Cicero, ''Post reditum in senatu'' 23; Léonie Hayne, "Who Went to Luca?" ''Classical Philology'' 69 (1974), p. 218.〕 and in 56, while governor in Africa, he was the recipient of two letters of recommendation from Cicero.〔On behalf of Caius Curtius and Publius Cuspius: Cicero, ''Epistulae ad familiares'' 13.6 (= 57 in the chronological edition of Shackleton Bailey) and 13.6a (= 58 SB); C. Nicolet, "Le cens senatorial sous la Republique et sous Auguste," ''Journal of Roman Studies'' 66 (1976), p. 27.〕 Orca and Cicero had close enough relations that they had agreed upon the use of a sign or symbol to mark their correspondence as authentic and trustworthy.〔Hannah M. Cotton, "''Mirificum genus commendationis'': Cicero and the Latin Letter of Recommendation," ''American Journal of Philology'' 106 (1985), p. 332; John Nicholson, "The Delivery and Confidentiality of Cicero's Letters," ''Classical Journal'' 90 (1994), pp. 47–48.〕 Orca then disappears from the historical record for several years. The length of his term in Africa is undetermined; the next known governor, P. Attius Varus, was there in 52 and probably earlier.〔T. Corey Brennan, ''The Praetorship in the Roman Republic'' (Oxford University Press, 2000), p. 886, note 368.〕 It has been conjectured, though the dating of his governorship might argue to the contrary, that he was among those attending the conference held April 56 BC in Luca by Julius Caesar, Pompeius Magnus, and Marcus Crassus; in the company of a number of supporters the three worked out the strategic political alliance that led to the extension of Caesar's command in Gaul and the joint election of Pompey and Crassus to their second consulship.〔Léonie Hayne, "Who Went to Luca?" ''Classical Philology'' 69 (1974), p. 220. On the dating of Orca's governorship in Africa, see T.R.S. Broughton, ''The Magistrates of the Roman Republic'', vol. 2 (New York 1952), pp. 201 and 212.〕
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